Philip Richard Lane is an Irish economist who has served as a Member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank since June 2019. He previously served as the Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland from 2015 to 2019.

Mr. Lane was a professor of international macroeconomics and Director of the Institute for International Integration Studies at Trinity College Dublin. He received a doctorate in Economics at Harvard University . He then became Assistant Professor of Economics and International Affairs at Columbia University before returning to Trinity College, Dublin in 1997. He remains affiliated with Trinity College as Whatley Professor of Political Economy. He was a research fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research and has been a visiting scholar at the International Monetary Fund and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and a consultant to the European Commission. 

James “Jim” Bullard is the president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. In that role, he is a participant on the Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which meets regularly to set the direction of U.S. monetary policy. He also oversees the Federal Reserve’s Eighth District, including activities at the St. Louis headquarters and its branches in Little Rock, Ark., Louisville, Ky., and Memphis, Tenn.

Bullard is a noted economist and scholar, and his positions are founded on research-based thinking and an intellectual openness to new theories and explanations. A native of Forest Lake, Minn., Bullard received his doctorate in economics from Indiana University in Bloomington.

Ilan Goldfajn is the Director of the IMF’s Western Hemisphere Department. He was Governor of the Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) from May 2016 until February 2019.  Mr. Goldfajn’s experience in the private sector include positions as Chief Economist and Partner of Itaú Unibanco, founding Partner of Ciano Investimentos, and Partner and Economist at Gávea Investimentos—three leading financial institutions in Brazil. More recently he was the Chairman of Credit Suisse Brazil’s Advisory Board. He has also worked as a consultant to a number of global financial organizations, including the World Bank, the United Nations, and the IMF. 

He has taught economics at various universities in Brazil and the United States and has published numerous articles and books. Mr. Goldfajn holds a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Patrick Honohan was governor of the Central Bank of Ireland and a member of the governing council of the European Central Bank from September 2009 to November 2015.  He then joined the Peterson Institute for International Economics in March 2016 as a nonresident senior fellow. He came to that position from Trinity College Dublin where he was professor of international financial economics and development and where he has since become an honorary professor of economics.

Prior to this, he spent almost a decade at the World Bank. During the 1990s he was a research professor at Ireland’s Economic and Social Research Institute.  In the 1980s he was economic advisor to the Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) Garret FitzGerald. He received his PhD in economics from the London School of Economics.

José De Gregorio is a Chilean economist, academic, researcher, consultant and politician. He was governor of the Central Bank of Chile from 2007 until 2011. Before that he was vice-governor from 2003 and member of the bank’s board from 2001. During 2000 and 2001, De Gregorio was minister of the combined portfolios of economy, mining, and energy. 

Mr. De Gregorio currently is the Dean of the School of Economics and Business of the Universidad de Chile. He is also a non-resident Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. 

He obtained a PhD in economics from MIT in 1990.  

Philip Lowe is Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia. 

Mr Lowe holds a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has authored numerous papers, including on the linkages between monetary policy and financial stability. He commenced as Governor on 18 September 2016. 

He is Chair of the Reserve Bank Board and Payments System Board, and Chair of the Council of Financial Regulators. He is a member of the Financial Stability Board. Prior to his current role, he held the positions of Deputy Governor, Assistant Governor (Economic) and Assistant Governor (Financial System). He also spent two years at the Bank for International Settlements working on financial stability issues. 

Mr Lowe is Chair of the Financial Markets Foundation for Children and a director of The Anika Foundation. He is also Chair of the Committee on the Global Financial System of the Bank for International Settlements. 

Ewald Nowotny is an Austrian economist and social democratic politician and former governor of Austria’s central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank. He was also a member of the European Central Bank’s governing council.   

Mr. Nowotny holds a PhD in law from the University of Vienna, a doctorate in general and public economics from the University of Linz, and an honorary doctorate in social and economic sciences from the University of Klagenfurt. 

He was a full professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Business from 1981 until 2008. Since 1974, Nowotny has held various functions in the Austrian Social Democratic Party. He was a member of the National Council, the more important chamber of the Austrian parliament, from 1978 to 1999.  

Loretta J. Mester is the president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. She  participates in the formulation of U.S. monetary policy and oversees more than 1,000 employees in Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh who conduct economic research, supervise banking institutions, and provide payment services to commercial banks and the U.S. government. She assumed her role as president and CEO in June 2014. 

Dr. Mester earned her Ph.D. degree in economics from Princeton University, where she was a National Science Foundation Fellow. Prior to being named president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Dr. Mester was executive vice president and director of research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Dr. Mester is an adjunct professor of finance at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a fellow at the Wharton Financial Institutions Center. She has also taught in the undergraduate finance and M.B.A. programs at Wharton and in the Ph.D. program in finance at New York University. 

Athanasios Orphanides is a Professor of the Practice of Global Economics and Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management.  

He is also an Honorary Advisor to the Bank of Japan’s Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, a member of the Shadow Open Market Committee, a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research, a Senior Fellow at the Center for Financial Studies, and a Research Fellow at the Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability. 

Before joining MIT Sloan, he held positions at central banks in the United States and in Europe.  From May 2007 to May 2012, he served a five-year term as Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and was a member of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank.  Following the creation of the European Systemic Risk Board in 2010, he was elected a member of its first Steering Committee. Earlier, he served as Senior Advisor at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, where he had started his professional career as an economist.   

Athanasios Orphanides obtained his PhD in economics from MIT. 

Federico Sturzenegger  was Governor of the Central Bank of Argentinia between 2015 and 2018. Sturzenegger has a PhD in Economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

He was a professor of economics at University of California, Los Angeles, Torcuato di Tella University (where he also was Dean of the Business School), and Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University. Currently he teaches at University of San Andres in Buenos Aires and is Honoris Causa Professor at HEC Paris.  

He was also Chief Economist of YPF, President of Bank of the City of Buenos Aires and a National Congressman for the PRO party.

Ignazio Visco has been the Governor of the Bank of Italy since 2011. He is also Chairman of the joint Governing Board of the Insurance Supervisory Authority (IVASS). 

As Governor of the Bank of Italy, he is member of the Governing Council and General Council of the European Central Bank (ECB), the General Board of the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), the Board of Directors of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the Steering Committee of the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the Boards of Governors of the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). He is also Alternate Governor for Italy at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). He takes part in the G7, G10 and G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meetings. 

Mr. Visco holds earned his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, USA). 

Graeme Paul Wheeler is a former Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand (from 2012 to September 2017). Educated at the University of Auckland, Wheeler began working at the New Zealand Treasury in 1973 as an adviser. From 1984 to 1990 he was economic and financial councillor for the New Zealand delegation to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, eventually becoming director of macroeconomic policy at the New Zealand Treasury in 1990. In 1997, he went to work for the World Bank Group, firstly as director of the Financial Products and Services Department. In 2010, Wheeler left the World Bank to start his own firm, advising investors and Russian policy makers about Russian privatisation. Wheeler currently serves as a company director in Europe and China. 

John C. Williams is the president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. In that capacity, he serves as the vice chairman and a permanent member of the Federal Open Market Committee. From 2011 to mid-June 2018, Mr. Williams was the president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Prior to that, he was the executive vice president and director of research at the San Francisco Fed, which he joined in 2002. 
 
Mr. Williams began his career in 1994 as an economist at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. In addition, he served as a senior economist in the White House Council of Economic Advisers and as a lecturer at Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business. Mr. Williams holds a Ph.D. in economics from Stanford University. He is a research associate at the Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis and served as managing editor of the International Journal of Central Banking from 2011 to 2016.